II.   Sovereign

The concept of universal taxation whereby nobles were expected to offer taxes as a “voluntary donation to the Romanum Catholicus Ecclesia (Catholic Church)” was first introduced by the Carolingians in the 8th Century CE as justified by the fraud of “Peter’s Pence” which implied such donations were an obligation of all good Christians. Taxes and even the very meaning of the word tax has always meant “voluntary gifts to a temple or faith”.

The word Tax comes from the Latin taxo meaning “a voluntary donation, a sacred (holly) gift of value”. The word is derived from the ancient 1st Millenium BCE Irish word taix/taice meaning “support, donation or patronage” in reference to the most ancient tradition that all monies received by temples and religious were supposed to be given freely, without duress in order to be valid.

The Carolingians beginning with Charles the Younger in 742 CE are the first to introduce the concept of voluntary universal system of donations of wealth known as “tax” to the fledgling Catholicus Ecclesia (Catholic Church). From its inception, the concept of “tax” has never been mandatory or forced and such concepts are contradictory to its claimed nature under Sacré Loi (Sacred Law).

To deliberately hide the etymology and provenance of the word tax, all definitions in Latin have been reduced to incorrect and meaningless claims of the word meaning “value or estimate”, while the word is also falsely associated with the yew tree and unsubstantiated claims that the word means “a tribute from a conquering army” or other forced payments.

The claim that tax and taxus are derivatives of the Roman (Latin) description of the poisonous yew tree is a complete fraud as the word for poison used by the Romans to describe the yew was toxa from which the word “toxic” in English is derived.

The use of the word tax and other words claiming to be “types of taxes” to imply a form of mandatory payment is a deliberate fraud designed to hide the ecclesiastical and voluntary nature of tax since the inception of the word and the introduction of universal taxation under the Catholicus Ecclesia (Catholic Church) from the 8th Century CE

(i) A tariff, duty or “portorium” in Latin is a form of obligatory payment demanded at a certain point of entry or departure through the artificial control of the movement of goods and therefore cannot be properly called a “tax”; and

(ii) A fine or penalty is a form of obligatory payment associated with the ancient tradition of “honor price” whereby one who commits an injury offers a payment to the value of the goods or honor price of the individual rather than face the alternative of “blood revenge” for their crime and therefore cannot properly be called a “tax”; and

(iii) A levy, poll or tribute is the deliberate confiscation of a certain portion of property, usually by threat or effect of force and cannot possibly be properly called a “tax”; and

(iv) A rent, socage, burgage, skat, tithe or “first fruits” is an obligatory payment of some value to a land lord in return for rights to hold and use the land which is claimed to be owned by others through some succession of title and cannot possibly be validly called a “tax”.

Given the artifact known as “Peter’s Pence” was a deliberate fraud created by the Carolingians in the 8th Century CE, the arguments for universal taxation have always been based on a fraud and therefore all forms of taxation and the use of the word “tax” since the 8th Century have also been based on fraud and are fraud.

The Carolingian system of universal taxation and voluntary donations to the church collapsed at the end of the 9th Century CE.  However, the word was revived in the 13th Century under the Venetian - Magyar reforms in England and Germany whereby universal taxation was revived as a voluntary obligation system of payments.

The requirement for taxation to be a voluntary “gift” in order to be sacred and valid was lost in an explosion of “forced taxation” across Europe from the 17th Century until the 19th Century.  However, under the global “reformed” of the Bank for International Settlements, since the 1930’s direct taxation is technically again supposed to be voluntary to be valid.