II.   Sovereign

A Carta (Charta or Charter) is a form of Convenia (Covenant or Venia) first issued as “sovereign grants” under the Carolingians from the 8th Century CE onwards that combines some form of map, survey or inventory granted as part of the Convenia (Covenant). The word Carta (Charta) in Latin means “map or inventory (list)”.

Since its invention in the 8th Century CE, all valid Carta (Charta or Charter) have been required to possess seven (7) essential elements Incipio (Beginning), Oratio (Prayer), Exordio (Introduction), Condicio (Conditions), Decretio (Decree), Obsignio and Insignio and Testificatio (Attestation):

(i) Incipio (Beginning) at the very top of the instrument, usually in majuscule (capitals) being <> Dei Gratia Rex Romanorum meaning “<> by the Grace of God, King of the Romans”; and

(ii) Oratio (Prayer) as the opening words before any actual gift, grant or permission was usually customized and intertwined in the Exordio (Introduction)”; and

(iii) Exordio (Introduction) being the introductory sentence or words indicating a summary of the grant or conveyance, or simply a grant is made; and

(iv) Condicio (Conditions) being the listing of any conditions, by Roman numeral (if any) to the grant or conveyance outlined by the first three (3) elements; and

(v) Decretio (Decree) being the decree that the instrument had been handed (delivered) to become public notice also known as “patenting” being In cuius rei testimonium has litteras nostras fieri fecimus patentes meaning “In Witness of what we have caused these our Letters to be made Patents”; and

(vi) Obsignio of the Sovereign authorizing the instrument being their sign, or official seal; and

(vii) Insignio of the Sovereign, also known as the “signati recordis” being usually a wax seal of their distinguishing mark, seal, badge, decoration or name connected by red and/or gold cord to the linen; and

(viii) Testificatio (Attestation) being the testification of the maker that it is their wishes reflected in the covenant being Teste me ipso apud <> then date in Latin meaning “Witness myself at the place <> date”.

Under Iuris Canonum (Canon Law) first formed by the Carolingians, all nobles as Sovereign tenants of their own realm, were granted such right under Sacred Carta (Charter):

(i) The first Carta (Charters) issued were to the nine (9) Marches being Britannia (England), Scotia (Scotland), Neustria (Central/Northern France, Belgium), Aquitania (Southern France, Pyrennes), Austrasia (West Germany), Frisia (Netherlands), Burgundia (Southern Germany, Switzerland), Alamannia (South West Germany, Liechtenstein) and Regnum Italiae (Italy, Southern Austria) by Charles the Younger (742-768); and

(ii) The second Carta (Charter) issued were to the seven (7) additional Marches being Saxonia (Northern Germany, West Poland), Bohemia (Czech Republic, part Sth Poland), Moravia (Slovakia, Hungary), Bavaria (South East Germany, Northern Austria), Carinthia (North Croatia), Pannonia (Bosnia, North Serbia) and Croatia (Southern Croatia and Albania) by Charlemagne.

The Carta (Charter) issued to the original Marches under Carolingian rule from the 8th Century represent the historic foundation of all land title under Western law.

As a Carta (Charter) under Iuris Canonum (Canon Law) from the 8th Century CE represented the primary instrument of authority granting the right of rule to a particular family by the highest sovereign and the church, the Carta (Charter) has traditionally remained the cornerstone of law upon which the law of a particular realm is based, with subsequent laws or ordinances (capitulum or cap.) added to it.

Similar to Convenia (Covenant), Carta (Charters) were supposed to be stored safely at a cancellocum (archive). Therefore (in theory) if the right of rule of one (1) family or leader was challenged, or the borders of their land were challenged then a copy of the original charter was required to be produced. Failure to produce a copy and the failure to find the original rendered such claim to the property null and void.

From the 12th Century onwards, the original Carta (Charter) granted to noble families across Europe starting with the Carolingians were systematically hunted down and destroyed by agents of the Roman Cult. As there are no original Carta (Charter) left for the Marches, all land title for Europe from the beginning of the 13th Century therefore legally and lawfully reverted back to the land title reforms of the Celts and the Holly from the 6th Century BCE.

In the 13th Century, the Roman Cult returned to the Carolingian format for issuing Carta (Charter) to vassals beginning with King John I of England in 1216. Thereafter, all vassal kings on land claimed by the Roman Cult were to have a Carta (Charter) or Magna Carta (Great Charter) issued at the commencement of their reign as the basis of all secular law of the realm to which the king would then add their ordinances as capitululm (cap.). The practice ceased in England under Henry VIII (1509-1547) following the creation of the Church of England.

As the Magna Carta (Great Charter) of English monarchs prior to Henry VIII have been wholly corrupted, including the deliberate corruption of the system of law and statutes of the realm, all claimed laws, ordinances, charters and grants claimed to still have any force or effect before the time of Henry VIII (1509-1547) are therefore invalid, illegal, unlawful, having no force or effect of law and null and void ab initio (from the beginning).